Which statement best describes marasmus?

• A. It is characterized by edema due to protein deficiency.
• B. It is characterized by sufficient energy but very low fat intake.
• C. It is characterized by severe energy deficiency with substantial weight loss.
• D. It is a vitamin deficiency only.

Answer: (C)

Marasmus reflects a severe and prolonged energy (calorie) deficiency that leads to substantial weight loss and wasting of both fat and lean body tissues. The body literally uses up its stores to survive, so you see marked wasting and very low body weight, often with little or no edema. This distinguishes it from other forms of malnutrition where edema can be prominent due to protein deficiency, as seen in kwashiorkor, which involves adequate or relatively higher energy intake but insufficient protein. Saying there is sufficient energy but very low fat intake doesn't capture that marasmus is an overall energy shortfall, not just a fat deficit. It’s also not a vitamin deficiency by itself, though micronutrient gaps can accompany marasmus.